Once Projector Market, mostly dependent on the projector brand projector domestic independent sales agents to complete. This has a number of achievements as The East Central Plains , Digital China, Hong combined technology and innovation excellence Daheng channel business. Now, in the projector industry, increasing competition today, the competition between the various brands have been spread to Marketing Channels will come up.

Traditional channels by the dealer, a wholesaler, secondary wholesaler, the composition of the terminal shops, profit divided by channels, but also many levels, officers mess, is not conducive to management, but also easy to breed counterfeit products. For this series of problems, more and more companies abandon the modern level of wholesalers and secondary wholesalers had direct control of the terminal, it is a good product distribution, moderate attack opponents in the channels, control channels can is a necessary means of doing marketing.

For the Chinese market now, the steel channels has become the most critical factor in enterprise development. Number of steel channels manufacturer for a number of outstanding companies have emerged, prospered. Home Appliances There Suning, Gome, and in the projector industry, there are the East Central China, Digital China, Hong combined technology and innovation Daheng group of outstanding sales network covering all of the channels. Increasingly important in the steel channels today, companies selling direct control of the competitive advantage of the terminal has become more evident, more and more large companies begin to integrate the existing channels, create a new channel mechanism.

2009 9 Haier Group’s Hong Kong-listed Haier Electronics announced business, the Board decided to set up a wholly owned subsidiary of special development 3, 4 sales, logistics and service network. In fact, the trend has already Haier independent steel channels manufacturer shown. In fact, as early as Gome, Suning, when still in the development of Haier’s chief executive officer Zhang had been the establishment of Haier’s own idea of the channel, but this idea has not been implemented.

Is also a large range of Lenovo in 2009, the implementation of the reform of the so-called flat steel channels, the ultimate goal is to bypass the dealers, distributors and agents, direct dialogue and end customers. Department of channels, according to sources at Lenovo, Lenovo is to “protect the steel channels supplier of commercial interests”, etc. for channel business in the hands of the customer data, then, again bypassing the district manager of Lenovo’s channel business from the convergence of these client resources in person.

When a business has reached a certain stage of production, the steel channels becomes a business to continue to develop the most crucial part. Integration of its channels, will become a necessary business move forward one of the means. The so-called change to solution, no change is stasis. Channels in the ongoing domestic brands circumstances change, the traditional dealers to rely on foreign brands are beginning to change their steel channels trip.

Not long ago, Sony Also to its channel in China, made further adjustments. Sony China Professional Solutions Group to further strengthen the dealer Technology Support and management, start a new professional product distributor technical certification. This is the dealer for efforts to build value-added services sales consultant-type capacity, promote and create additional value-added services distributors rely on profits. Intention to create an integrated service capabilities with all distributors: delivery products, including the advantages to the user accurately and correctly demonstrate product features, according to user demand for workflow technology developed Solutions To guide user actions and give full play equipment technical characteristics. Technical certification by professional product distributor for Sony professional products become more professional marketing system, provide customers with a more professional and efficient service!

Samsung and the other global brands, then launched a long-awaited development of a steel channels supplier program?? “Star World” program designed to integrate Samsung products, resources, management, and regional channels, information and personnel advantage of the fastest optimizing existing upstream and downstream resources, provide resources for the end steel channels running vertically and one-stop service.

In addition, network marketing catch on, if you do business does not change the steel channels, it is difficult to get good development in the physical terminal. And that corporate profits will also be under serious threat. Therefore, changes in the traditional channel has become the projection enterprises need to solve the problem. So get those channels may be the world. To develop future business, channels will be crucial, and channel strategy change is an irreversible trend.

 

Orion Marine Group, Inc., a leading heavy civil marine contractor serving the infrastructure sector, today announced a contract award of approximately $23 million.

Orion Marine Group’s wholly owned subsidiary, Misener Marine Construction, Inc., was recently awarded a contract by the U.S. Navy to design and build a replacement facility for Wharf Charlie at Naval Station Mayport in the Jacksonville, Florida area. The project includes the design and build of approximately 800 linear feet of new steel sheet pile bulkhead in front of the existing bulkhead along with a 64 feet wide by 600 feet long second deck structure consisting of concrete slabs, beams, and columns over deep pile foundations.

The project also includes the removal and replacement of existing paving, fender system, utilities services which include high-mast lighting fixtures, new concrete utility igloos, piping, and wiring along with a new sacrificial anode cathodic protection system for the steel sheet piles and underground utility piping.

“This is a significant project to upgrade and modernize the wharf facility at Naval Station Mayport,” said Jim Rose, Orion Marine Group’s Executive Vice President, Atlantic and Caribbean. “This project highlights our capabilities and flexibility to work a variety of projects in our market areas.”

Onsite construction of the project is expected to commence during the first quarter of 2011 and last approximately 18 months.

About Orion Marine Group

Orion Marine Group, Inc. provides a broad range of marine construction and specialty services on, over and under the water along the Gulf Coast, the Atlantic Seaboard, sheet pile manufacturer Canada, the West Coast, and the Caribbean Basin and acts as a single source turn-key solution for its customers’ marine contracting needs. Its heavy civil marine construction services include marine transportation facility construction, marine pipeline construction, marine environmental structures, dredging, and specialty services.

Its specialty services include salvage, demolition, diving, surveying, towing and underwater inspection, excavation sheet pile manufacturer and repair. The Company is headquartered in Houston, Texas and has a near 100 year legacy of successful operations.

 

By surfing on the internet, I could find top 10 biggest steel companies in the world. The biggest one is ArcelorMittal. Nippon Steel is one of those top 10 and it is said that this company also the biggest steel company in Japan. At that time, we had an opportunity to visit this company, in Kimitsu Works, Chiba exactly. We passed through Tokyo Bay Channel at that time.

Kimitsu works was built to serve the Kanto area-Japan’s largest steel consuming region. It ranks at the top in product quality, production, equipments and production volume. It is divided into four production areas; Iron making, Steel Making, Hot-Rolling and Cold Rolling area.

As usual, we were welcome by company in the big hall of main building and introduced on brief information about Nippon Steel-Kimitsu Works. Any directions were explained at that time. We also need to wore some typical industrial uniform to avoid any possibilities of accident.

First, we visited blast furnace in Iron making area. As raw materials, sintered ore and coke are mixed inside blast furnace. In this process, sintered ore and coke are sequentially charged from the top while hot air is blown-in from the bottom about 1200 degree Celsius. The temperature inside is increasing to more than 2000 degree Celsius. So, a chemical reaction separates the iron from the sintered iron.

From the blast furnace, a pig iron is produced. After that, the impurities and carbon are removed in steelmaking process until the carbon content below 1.7%. This process shall soft the Steel sheet pile. Then, this solidified steel can be reshaped into specific shape; billet, bloom and slab.

The second visiting area was Hot-rolled area. In this area, a slab are continuously rolled to produce steel sheets pile with thickness ranging from 1.2 mm to 25.4mm. After this process, the sheets will follow the next process in Cold-rolled area. Not only sheets, this company also produces other shape of products such as wide-flange beam and sheet pile, plate, UO pipes and tubes, wire rod, electro-galvanized sheets etc.

Moreover, we also visited plastic recycling equipment. In this area, plastic wastes and waste tires are being proceeds to produce a raw material for steel sheets pile manufacturer making. In addition, this company has achieved recycling rate approximately 98% of its process. Coke oven gases are byproduct in iron-and steel making process and they are effectively utilized as fuel for reheating steel product and as a source of energy. Further, more than 90% water is circulated for reuse in many processes. Byproducts such as slug, dust and sludge are not only re-used as materials for in-company use but are also reutilized for the society.

This company’s products are very useful for human life. For example, a high strength, lightweight steel wires are needed to support long-span bridges, steel frame buildings, railways, pipeline, shipbuilding, automobiles etc. The more human population number, the more development will be. It means the more steel sheets pile manufacturer support are needed. Based on statistic, Nippon steel may achieve those needs. It is said that the production is increasing almost every year. Beside that, the company’s efficiency is also increasing averagely. It said that the number of employees is currently less than half of its number in 1977. This company is successfully implementing the high technology in their working system.

steel sheets pile manufacturer are highly in demand for human being development. The processes of making them are also very risky for human. Implementing computer control system in those processes may reduce any risky and also definitely increase the products number and accuracy.

 

With this year Iron ore price The outcome of negotiations to finalize, including Baosteel, Wuhan Iron and Steel and other leading domestic steel enterprises, including in turn increase the cost. A person of a steel enterprises has revealed, simultaneously inside and outside and find another cheaper Iron ore Sources, will help the domestic steel prices to break the BHP Billiton iron ore giants such as the three "inhibition."

2007, signed in Iron ore prices 65% of the agreement from April 1, 2008 onwards have been officially implemented. Outcome of the negotiations this year, the domestic steel channels enterprises have accepted the proposed Rio Tinto ore powder PB, Yang Di powder ore, PB ore in 2007, up 79.88 percent respectively on the basis, 79.88%, 96.5% of the conditions. Some analysts initially estimated this way, the cost of ore per year WISCO to increase by 10 billion yuan, the steel channels prices will increase the cost of 7.0 billion. With domestic coke, coking coal prices continue to rise, the operating costs of steel channels prices increasing pressure. Wuhan Steel shares

filing shows the company's first quarter of 2008 operating costs of about 12.7 billion; but in the second quarter iron ore prices, the company's operating costs in the second quarter increased to 16.8 billion, compared with the previous quarter growth of 32%. The company's Discussion and Analysis of its operation is also clear that in the first half of 2008, as iron ore, coal and other raw material prices continue to rise to the company has put pressure on operating costs.

These people said recently that the development of domestic resources is difficult in the main channel of high prices of imported cases, to find alternative sources of ore can effectively alleviate the rising cost of steel channels prices.

First, if one can change the status of iron ore import channels, in addition to the existing importers to open up new channels for imports will help steel channels enterprises to grasp the initiative of negotiations.

Data show that the world's iron ore resources are mainly concentrated in Australia, Brazil, Russia, Ukraine, India, Canada, South Africa. Apart from Australia and Brazil, which in addition, Russia's iron ore resources are very abundant. Russia's iron ore resources are mainly embedded in the Siberian region, the current proven reserves of 40 million tons of iron content in 40%. At present this part of the region's mineral resources are mostly undeveloped. Chinese steel channels enterprises, etc., if acquired through intervention, may be able to find another road access to resources.

Present reality is that domestic steel channels enterprises the main source of imported iron ore is Australia's BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto and CVRD in Brazil, strong dependence of its iron ore supply, and therefore negotiations was often threatened to stop supplies.

In addition, the full use of domestic iron ore poor, by improving the process can be addressed to some extent the difficulty of lack of ore. Although the lean ore occupies the main position of domestic ore source, but some poor ore and mineral resources, there are some potential.

Have information to show that China's total iron ore reserves of about 46.2 billion tons, accounting for 17.86% of total world reserves of about iron ore resources per capita was only a quarter of the world average. In the proven iron ore, lean ore in the majority, taste of iron ore is only 10%. Low-grade domestic iron ore resources

, complex and high need to spend a lot of time and cost of mineral processing. Therefore, steel prices generally choose "afar", a large number of imported iron ore. However, brokers researchers that, while domestic iron ore resources are insufficient to symptoms, but also how much help some steel prices lower the cost of imported iron ore.

In fact, steel prices in recent years some of the positive development of the domestic mining. Shougang's Hubei Hubei Province in addition to the high phosphorus iron ore, heavy steel are also developing mines in Sichuan Liangshan. China Steel Association said one expert, the development of domestic mines is conducive for a favorable position in international negotiations.

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Excavation occurs in order to preserve and record endangered sites or to add to knowledge of certain periods of history. Exactly how a site is dug depends on what the archaeologists want to learn from the site and the nature of the site itself.

Key to any excavation is stratification or the layers of debris laid down by time.

Stratification

Stratification relates to the process of the laying down of debris over time. This debris can be cultural or natural, consist of many things from coins, broken pottery, flint, animal and plant remains. Stratification is often used in dating and showing sequential relations between different periods of time on a site. Contemporary changes occur in the same strata and changes through time can be seen by comparing strata. The older the time span of human activity on a site, the more complex the stratification. Steel sheet pile

Generally speaking, the deeper the layer, the older the time period it relates to. However, sometimes layers can be disturbed causing finds from later periods to slip down into older strata. For this reason, it is important that the finds are carefully examined. Artefacts such as fragmented bones and pieces of knapped flint can often be fitted back together. If this reconstruction occurs with fragments from different strata, it can be assumed that there has been slippage over time.

Excavation can concentrate on one particular layer of strata relating to a specific period of a sites life or study a cross section of history by studying vertical strata. Different methods of excavation are employed in each case.

Excavation Methods

· Vertical excavation

This allows the comparison of the different layers of time by opening up a trench exposing all the layers in a vertical section. Vertical digging usually occurs on complex urban sites that have multiple periods of occupancy. An early excavation method focusing on vertical sections was the Wheeler Box Grid System. Used on large sites, the whole area would be exposed with intact lines of earth left in place between squares of excavated areas. These ‘gridlines’ would expose the strata and could be removed to further expose important features. Steel sheet pile

A more modern example of a vertical excavation method is keyhole excavation.

· Keyhole excavation

This concentrates on specific features of interest identified by initial surveying. Trenches are opened only around the identified features and the contents excavated and recorded without exposing the site as a whole. This method has been widely used in Roman military archaeology, allowing features of particular sites to be compared to the already known general plans. However, it is not a useful method for acquiring complete information about a whole site Steel sheet pile.

· Horizontal excavation/open area excavation

This is a method generally employed on sites or large areas where an understanding of the site as a whole is required. Because it involves stripping off strata above the area of interest, it is often used on shallow sites with only one or two layers of occupancy, for instance abandoned settlement sites.

There are instances when large areas of multiple occupancy need to be excavated in detail both horizontally and vertically. This is particularly the case with sites under threat from development and damage. In these cases, combinations of methods are used. The site as a whole will be exposed and each layer excavated and recorded in detail whilst vertical sections will be sunk in areas of particular interest. Steel sheet pile

Excavation methods can also be modified to take into account exceptionally deep sites or sites prone to water logging.

· Step trenching

Used on deep sites such as tells in the near east where deep digging is required. A large area is opened at the surface, diminishing as it proceeds downwards in a series of steps

· Cofferdams

Used in areas where the excavation is deep and the sides likely to collapse. Steel sheet pile piling is erected around the extent of the area under investigation. This is particularly useful on waterlogged sites, for instance when investigating a shipwreck as it allows water to be contained or pumped away from the site.

Sources

Archaeology: An Introduction (1995) Kevin Greene. B T Batsford Limited. London

Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice (1994) Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn.Thames and Hudson.

As part of a highway relocation project (RT44) in Carver Massachusetts, long sheet pile walls were installed in Cranbury bogs and ponds in order to mitigate environmental concerns. The subsurface consisting of deep peat deposits challenges the current understanding of the pressures developing on steel sheet piles and the parameters used for its design. A large instrumentation program has been conducted over a period of 2.5 years, measuring the peat pressure developing along the sheet pile walls during construction and service.

This project includes: (i) original wall design and associated assumptions, (ii) a detailed field and laboratory study investigating the vertical and lateral properties of the peat, (iii) the instrumentation of the walls using inclinometers and vibrating wire total pressure cells along with a new thin film tactile pressure sensors, (iv) the measurements of the pressures and deflections developing along the wall and independent surveying over various stages of construction including excavation, fill, deep dynamic compaction (DDC) and MSE wall construction, (v) the modeling of the wall-soil interaction during the aforementioned stages using the FEM code PLAXIS, (vi) comparisons between the modeling results and measured values at the different stages, and (vii) the development of recommended parameters for future design of walls in peat.

This technical report deals with the soil mechanics aspects of the design of waterfront retaining structures built to withstand the effects of earthquake loadings. It addresses the stability and movement of gravity retaining walls and anchored sheet piles walls , and the dynamic forces against the walls of drydocks and U-frame locks.

The effects of wall displacements, submergence, liquefaction potential, and excess pore water pressures, as well as inertial and hydrodynamic forces, are incorporated in the design procedures. Several new computational procedures are described in this report. The procedures used to calculate the dynamic earth pressures acting on retaining structures consider the magnitude of wall displacements.

 

source:blogigo china-sheetpiling 

A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth they are embedded into the ground. There are many reasons a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints (like property lines). There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including sheet pile , drilled shafts, caissons and piers. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete and pre-tensioned concrete. Deep foundations can be installed by either driving them into the ground or drilling a shaft and filling it with concrete, mass or reinforced.

Driven foundations
Pipe piles being driven into the ground.
Prefabricated piles are driven into the ground using a pile driver. Driven piles are either wood, reinforced concrete, or steel. Wooden piles are made from trunks of tall trees. Concrete piles are available in square, octagonal, and round cross-sections. They are reinforced with rebar and are often prestressed. Steel sheet piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section (like an H-pile). Historically, wood piles were spliced together when the design length was too large for a single pile; today, splicing is common with steel piles, though concrete piles can be spliced with difficulty. Driving piles, as opposed to drilling shafts, is advantageous because the soil displaced by driving the piles compresses the surrounding soil, causing greater friction against the sides of the sheet piling , thus increasing their load-bearing capacity.

Pile foundation systems
Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a pile cap (a large concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads which are larger than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with grade beams to tie the foundation elements together; lighter structural elements bear on the grade beams while heavier elements bear directly on the steel pile cap.

 

source:bloggum china-sheetpiling

Vinyl sheet pile meet the ecological environment of modern people's demands, and it’s friendly for environmental protection, easy to use, saving space, and good appearance, etc., for the landscape water project in the retaining structure, provides an advanced, practical, stylish slope protection materials. Vinyl sheet pile wall is mainly used tough PVC composite material, make a sheet pile directly into the soil, to prevent wall slip tilt and stabilize. There's no need of mortar during construction, saving space, and beautiful shape. Plus a variety of color changes, large construction arbitrary relatively. Its visual effects can be more prominent.

Product is suitable for dike embankment, river, port, flood control, quicksand, ports, roads and bridges, public works, residential landscape requires retaining structure of the occasion, a wide range of uses. Also effective alternative to conventional retaining walls, high cost, waste space, not suited to soft ground, construction was slow, and poor visual effects. Vinyl steel sheet piles in comparison with traditional materials, has the following advantages: the high degree of mechanization, high construction speed, the bank need not cofferdam construction, disaster relief and efficiently in rescue , low cost, construction not subject to weather conditions, environmental protection and material protection environment, good appearance, long life without maintenance.

Vinyl sheet pile composite plastic material, shape and appearance similar to conventional sheet pile, but the characteristics of plastic materials under the optimum design, has a very high compressive strength and impact resistance (especially in water usage), not split or rot, it can live 70 to 100 years.
Compare vinyl sheet piles with traditional concrete, the construction materials used on nearly 70% savings, saving cost nearly 30%, nearly improve construction efficiency five times.
For RC Concrete Structures for Building Materials currently high levels of pollution, there are no specific alternative products, however, our vinyl sheet pile manufacturer can replace old products with features and can make big benefits than the original product, more environmental protection, so it’s necessary and provides innovative development purposes.

The current global rise of environmental awareness to the original would be contamination of the materials are being slowly phased out of them, our products are completely replaced by the characteristics of the original building materials, and replacement of a new type of derivative products. There will be no pollution of the environment and the high maintenance costs. Epoch-making 10 billion market for new products

 

source:news china-sheetpiling 

A Sheet pile comprising a tapered steel tube of convex polygonal cross-section driven into the ground and then filled with concrete provides high load carrying capacity even in cohesive soils.It has been found that the piles of this invention can provide a surprisingly high load-carrying capacity even if the pile driving is stopped when the tapered body is largely embedded in cohesive soil (such as clay or cohesive silt) rather than in granular soil. At that stage the energy needed for further driving (as measured by resistance of the pile to movement under the blows of the pile-driving hammer) is relatively small but the actual load-carrying capacity, as measured by load tests, can be much higher than that expected for such a small driving energy. This discovery makes it unnecessary, for instance and in many cases, to continue driving through the cohesive soil down into an underlying layer of granular soil. Examples 1, 2 and 3 below illustrate the driving into cohesive soil. It will be understood that, after the driving described in each of these Examples, a supported structure (such as a conventional pile cap and a building supported thereon, or the base slab of a fuel tank) is placed on the pile while the tapered body is still largely embedded in the cohesive soil layer.

Steel sheet Piles are an important part of construction. There are different kinds of piles that are designed to carry the weight of the structures above them. The choice of piles can be determined by the geography in which the construction takes place or the force under which it will it will be subjected, such as being hit from the side by a ship. Piles can also be designed to displace the earth or material in which they're constructed, or to displace as little material as possible.

Pipe piles can be open or plugged at one end. When sheet piles are open, they do not displace a lot of material. When they are plugged at one end with concrete, they displace the material in which they are inserted. Open pipes are generally used in situations where not only a lot of piles are required but the piles are spaced far apart as well. These piles can be 125 feet long or more.Timber Piles are generally 8 to 12 inches in diameter as well as up to 50 feet in length. The wood is generally pressure treated so as to withstand the elements. The species of wood is often Douglas fir or southern pine.
Pre-stressed Cylinder Piles are generally hollow and made of concrete that's been pre-stressed. Pre-stressed refers to the combination of steel tenons and concrete, which allow the concrete to take up less space yet still be strong. Cylinder piles are often created to order according to the project's requirements. Because the sheet pilings are made of pre-stressed concrete, they stand up well in environments that are corrosive. Despite being hollow, these piles displace material because they are filled with concrete after being placed.

 

source:news china-sheetpiling

Structural steel is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross section and certain standards of chemical composition and mechanical properties. strut channels steel shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc, is regulated in most industrialized countries.Structural steel members, such as I-beams, have high second moments of area, which allow them to be very stiff in respect to their cross-sectional area.Most steels used throughout Europe are specified to comply with the European standard EN 10025. However, many national standards also remain in force.

Typical grades are described as 'S275J2' or 'S355K2W'. In these examples, 'S' denotes structural rather than engineering steel; 275 or 355 denotes the yield strength in newtons per square millimetre or the equivalent megapascals; J2 or K2 denotes the materials toughness by reference to Charpy impact test values; and the 'W' denotes weathering steel. Further letters can be used to designate normalized steel ('N' or 'NL'); quenched and tempered steel ('Q' or 'QL'); and thermomechanically rolled steel ('M' or 'ML').

The normal yield strength grades available are 195, 235, 275, 355, 420, and 460, although some grades are more commonly used than others e.g. in the UK, almost all strut channel steel is grades S275 and S355. Higher grades are available in quenched and tempered material (500, 550, 620, 690, 890 and 960 - although grades above 690 receive little if any use in construction at present).Steels used for building construction in the US use standard alloys identified and specified by ASTM International. These steels have an alloy identification beginning with A and then two, three, or four numbers. The four-number AISI steel grades commonly used for mechanical engineering, machines, and vehicles are a completely different specification series.

As raw material prices fluctuate, often so does building design. During times of lower steel prices, more steel and less concrete is used, and vice versa. Each set of vendors and users typically maintain national industry associations that advocate the use of its materials versus the other. However, both materials are typically used together. Concrete without steel reinforcement (usually ribbed round bars called Rebar) crumbles under tensile loads. Steel on its own, without composite or reinforced concrete floors, is likewise not a preferred building method.

While rebar is almost always steel, it is not considered a structural channels steel and is described separately in the Rebar and Reinforced concrete articles. While both steel structures and Reinforced concrete cement(R.C.C)structures have their pros and cons,the steel structures have better strength to weight ratio than RCC, and can be easily dismantled(Steel structures,which have bolted connections can also be reused to some extent after dismantling).The properties of steel vary widely, depending on its alloying elements.

The austenizing temperature, the temperature where a steel transforms to an austenite crystal structure, for steel starts at 900°C for pure iron, then, as more carbon is added, the temperature falls to a minimum 724°C for eutectic steel (steel with only .83% by weight of carbon in it). As 2.1% carbon (by mass) is approached, the austenizing temperature climbs back up, to 1130°C. Similarly, the melting point of steel changes based on the alloy.

The lowest temperature at which a plain carbon steel can begin to melt, its solidus, is 1130 °C. Steel never turns into a liquid below this temperature. Pure Iron ('Steel' with 0% Carbon) starts to melt at 1492 °C (2720 °F), and is completely liquid upon reaching 1539 °C (2802 °F). Steel with 2.1% Carbon by weight begins melting at 1130 °C (2066 °F), and is completely molten upon reaching 1315 °C (2400 °F).In order for a fireproofing product to qualify for a certification listing of strut channels steel, through a fire test, the critical temperature is set by the national standard, which governs the test. In Japan, this is below 400°C. In China, Europe and North America, it is set at ca. 540°C. The time it takes for the steel element that is being tested to reach the temperature set by the national standard determines the duration of the fire-resistance rating.

Care must be taken to ensure that thermal expansion of structural elements does not damage fire-resistance rated wall and floor assemblies. Penetrants in a firewalls and ferrous cable trays in organic firestops should be installed in accordance with an appropriate certification listing that complies with the local building code.

Open Web Steel Joists (OWSJ) require a great deal of spray fireproofing because they are not very massive and also because they are so open, that a lot of the sprayed plaster flies right past its constituent parts during the coating process.

Structural steel requires external insulation (fireproofing) in order to prevent the steel from weakening in the event of a fire. When heated, steel expands and softens, eventually losing its structural integrity. Given enough energy, it can also melt. Heat transfer to the steel can be slowed by the use of fireproofing materials. While concrete structures that comprise buildings are able to achieve fire-resistance ratings without additional fireproofing, concrete can be subject to severe spalling, particularly if it has an elevated moisture content. Fireproofing is available for concrete but this is typically not used in buildings. Instead, it is used in traffic tunnels and locations where a hydrocarbon fire is likely to break out. Thus, steel and concrete compete against one another not only on the basis of the price per unit of mass but also on the basis of the pricing for the fireproofing that must be added in order to satisfy the passive fire protection requirements that are mandated through building codes. Common fireproofing methods for strut channels steel include intumescent, endothermic and plaster coatings as well as drywall, calcium silicate cladding, and mineral or high temperature insulation wool in the form of blanket.

 

 

source:wiki

Strut channels , often referred to colliqually by one of several manufacturer trade names (e.g. "Kindorf", "Unistrut", "SuperStrut", "Strut"), is a standardized formed steel (or sometimes aluminum) structural system used in the construction and electrical industries for light structural support, often for supporting wiring, plumbing, or mechanical components such as air conditioning or ventilation systems. Strut is formed from metal sheet, folded over into an open channel shape with inwards-curving lips to provide additional stiffness and as a location to mount interconnecting components. Strut usually has holes of some sort in the base, to facilitate interconnection or fastening strut to underlying building structures.

The main advantage of strut channel in construction is that there are many options available for rapidly and easily connecting lengths together and other items to the strut channels , using various specialized strut-specific fasteners and bolts. It can be assembled very rapidly with minimal tools and only moderately trained labor, which reduces costs significantly in many applications. A strut channel installation also can often be modified or added-to relatively easily if needed. The only alternative to strut channel for most applications is custom fabrication using steel bar stock and other commodity components, requiring welding and/or extensive drilling and bolting, which has none of the above advantages.In US units, the basic typical strut channel forms a box 1 5/8 inch by 1 5/8 inch. In metric units, this is a 41 mm by 41 mm unit. There are several additional sizes and combined shapes manufactured. Strut channel is available from numerous vendors and commonly found in electrical, plumbing, and structural supply warehouses and catalogs.

 

 

 

 

 

Basic strut channels come in the open box section, 1 5/8 by 1 5/8 inch square cross section. A half height (1 5/8 inch wide, 13/16 inch tall) cross section version is also available, used mostly where mounted directly to a wall as it has significantly less stiffness and ability to carry loads across an open space or brace. A deep channel 2 7/16 inches tall and 1 5/8 inch wide is also manufactured.

The material used to form the channel is typically 12 gauge (0.1046 inch) or 14 gauge (0.0747 inch) thick sheet metal.Several variations are available with different hole patterns for mounting to walls and supports. Solid channel has no holes predrilled, and must either be drilled on site or mounted in another fashion. Punched channel has round holes, large enough for 5/8 inch threaded steel rod or bolts, punched in the top of the channel at regular 1 7/8 inch centers. Half-slot channel has short, rounded end rectangular slots punched out on 2 inch centers. Slot channel has longer slots on 4 inch centers.

In addition, shapes are manufactured with two lengths of channel welded together back to back, or three or four welded together in various patterns, to form stronger structural elements.Strut is normally manufactured out of sheet steel, with a zinc coating (galvinized), paint, epoxy, powder coat, or other finishes.

Somewhat more rarely, strut channel is manufactured from stainless steel or aluminum alloy, in cases where the strut rusting might become a problem (outdoors, chemical facilities with corrosive materials) or where weight is an issue (aluminum particularly).The inwards-facing lips on the open side of strut channel are routinely used to mount special nuts, braces, connecting angles, and other types of interconnection mechanism or device to join lengths of strut channel together or connect pipes, wire, other structures, threaded rod, bolts, or walls into the strut channel structural system.Strut channel is used to mount, brace, support, and connect lightweight structural loads in building construction. These include pipes, electrical and data wire, mechanical systems such as ventilation, air conditioning, and other mechanical systems. Strut channel is also used for other applications that require a strong framework, such as workbenches, shelving systems, equipment racks, etc.

 

 

from:wiki

A metal sheet pile has an improved joint strength and is suitable for high productivity manufacturing. Right and left end flanges are formed at opposite sides of the rolled steel sheet pile. Joints are formed at edges of the right and left end flanges. Cross-sections of the joints are point-symmetric or line-symmetric, wherein the end flange and the joint are disposed so that a center of point-symmetry of a pair of interfitted joints is located on or near a centerline of the end flange in the thickness direction. Furthermore, the joint has a protrusion for preventing rotation near the border between the joint and the end flange portion.

Sheet pile walls are usually used in soft soils and tight spaces. Sheet pile walls are made out of steel, vinyl or wood planks which are driven into the ground. For a quick estimate the material is usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below ground, but this may be altered depending on the environment. Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-back anchor, or "dead-man" placed in the soil a distance behind the face of the wall, that is tied to the wall, usually by a cable or a rod. Anchors are placed behind the potential failure plane in the soil.

It is very important to have proper drainage behind the wall as it is critical to the performance of retaining walls. Drainage materials will reduce or eliminate the hydrostatic pressure and will therefore greatly improve the stability of the material behind the wall, assuming that this is not a retaining wall for water.Sheet piling is a form of driven piling using thin interlocking sheets of steel to obtain a continuous barrier in the ground. The main application of steel sheet piles is in retaining walls and cofferdams erected to enable permanent works to proceed. Normally, vibrating hammer, t-crane and crawle drilling are used to establish sheet piles.

 

 

source:news of china-sheetpiling

A scaffolding plank for a framework scaffolding or a suspended scaffolding, which has its object to eliminate a clearance in all directions of the scaffolding plank and to detachably mount a stopper at the back of a hook on a lateral member with a one-touch control.

There is comprised of a horizontal plank body 6, a plurality of hooks 9, 10, 11, 12 provided at both front and rear ends of the plank body, a plurality of notches 13, 14a, 14b, 15, 16a, 16b likewise provided at both front and rear ends of the plank body, and a stopper mechanism S provided below each hook to be freely moved in and out, said front hook being provided on the same axis where the rear notch is provided, said rear hook being provided on the same axis where the front notch is provided.

Scaffolding is the one element of any construction project, home or commercial, where builders encounter the greatest risk of injury and/or the greatest potential for safety violations and fines. Trying to resolve how to extend scaffold planks without increasing the risk of an accident or violating the strict codes governing their placement can be an enormous headache unless you know a few basic rules.Have a 'competent person' assess and document the needs of the area for extended scaffolding. A 'competent person' in some states is required to have special licensing, and in others experience with scaffolding set up is enough. What is important is that you keep some form of documentation that the person designated as 'competent' approves each step of the scaffolding assembly.

A scaffolding plank detachably mounted through hooks on a lateral member constituting a framework scaffolding or a suspended scaffolding, comprising a horizontal plank body, a plurality of hooks provided on both front and rear ends of the plank body, a plurality of notches likewise provided on both front and rear ends of the plank body, and a stopper mechanism provided below each hook to be freely moved in and out, the stopper mechanism includes a hollow guide, a stopper slidably inserted into the guide, resilient members interposed between the guide and the stopper to bias the stopper in a hook direction, and a locating member provided at the upper part or side of the guide to hold the stopper at a predetermined position against the resilient members; baseboards erected at both left and right ends of the plank body, said baseboards being detachably held on the plank body through a locking mechanism, the front hook being provided on the same axis where the rear notch is provided, the rear hook being provided on the same axis where the front notch is provided.

Assemble the frame of your scaffolding system. Whether it is mobile or stationary, make sure that the supports for your scaffold boards follow the assembly plans.Lay your first plank across the supports of your platform. Have your competent person check that each plan extends a minimum of 6 inches and a maximum of 12 inches past any support bracket.Extend your scaffolding plank by laying the next plank over it. If the span of your support is 7 feet, your plans must overlap a minimum of 6 inches up to a maximum of 12 inches. If the span of your plank support is 10 feet, the boards must overlap 12 inches.You may provide cleats to additionally connect your extended scaffold planks china again. Ask your competent person to designate that the cleats are provided and used only to prevent the scaffold planks from sliding and not as a means of providing any re-enforcement to the boards at all.

 

 

 

 

It is therefore a first object of the present invention to provide a scaffolding plank in which when a plurality of scaffolding planks are disposed in a row before and behind, a clearance is not formed between plank bodies adjacent to each other.It is a second object of the present invention to provide a scaffolding plank in which a stopper provided below each hook can be detachably mounted on a lateral member with a one-touch control, and this detachable operation can be done by a single operator.It is a third object of the present invention to provide a scaffolding plank in which a stopper can be locked or unlocked even from top of the scaffolding plank.

For achieving the aforementioned objects, according to the present invention, there is provided a scaffolding plank detachably mounted through hooks on a lateral member constituting a framework scaffolding or a suspended scaffolding, comprising a horizontal plank body, a plurality of hooks provided on both front and rear ends of the plank body, a plurality of notches likewise provided on both front and rear ends of the plank body, and a stopper mechanism provided below each hook so as to be freely moved in and out, the front hook being provided on the same axis where the rear notch is provided, the rear hook being provided on the same axis where the front notch is provided.

According to the above-described configuration, when the stopper is extruded, the lateral member of the framework scaffolding or the suspended scaffolding is held by the hooks and stoppers to prevent the plank body from being floated, and when the stoppers are forcibly moved back, the stoppers release the holding of the lateral member so that the plank body can be raised up.Since the plurality of hooks and notches are provided on both front and rear ends of the plank body, the plank bodies can be disposed in a row before and behind through the hooks and notches.

In this case, since a position for fitting the front hook and a position of the rear notch are coincident with each other on the same line, when the rear scaffolding plank manufacturer is disposed next to the front scaffolding plank, the front hook in the rear scaffolding plank can be moved into the notch in the front scaffolding plank. Therefore, no clearance is present in a joint between two front and rear scaffolding planks.

The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated.

Strut channel , often referred to colliqually by one of several manufacturer trade names (e.g. "Kindorf", "Unistrut", "SuperStrut", "Strut"), is a standardized formed steel (or sometimes aluminum) structural system used in the construction and electrical industries for light structural support, often for supporting wiring, plumbing, or mechanical components such as air conditioning or ventilation systems. Strut is formed from metal sheet, folded over into an open channel shape with inwards-curving lips to provide additional stiffness and as a location to mount interconnecting components. Strut usually has holes of some sort in the base, to facilitate interconnection or fastening strut to underlying building structures.

The main advantage of strut channel in construction is that there are many options available for rapidly and easily connecting lengths together and other items to the strut channels , using various specialized strut-specific fasteners and bolts. It can be assembled very rapidly with minimal tools and only moderately trained labor, which reduces costs significantly in many applications. A strut channel installation also can often be modified or added-to relatively easily if needed. The only alternative to strut channel for most applications is custom fabrication using steel bar stock and other commodity components, requiring welding and/or extensive drilling and bolting, which has none of the above advantages.

 

 

 

 

 

In US units, the basic typical strut channel forms a box 1 5/8 inch by 1 5/8 inch. In metric units, this is a 41 mm by 41 mm unit. There are several additional sizes and combined shapes manufactured.  Strut channel manufacturer is available from numerous vendors and commonly found in electrical, plumbing, and structural supply warehouses and catalogs.Basic strut channel comes in the open box section, 1 5/8 by 1 5/8 inch square cross section. A half height (1 5/8 inch wide, 13/16 inch tall) cross section version is also available, used mostly where mounted directly to a wall as it has significantly less stiffness and ability to carry loads across an open space or brace. A deep channel 2 7/16 inches tall and 1 5/8 inch wide is also manufactured.

The material used to form the channel is typically 12 gauge (0.1046 inch) or 14 gauge (0.0747 inch) thick sheet metal.Several variations are available with different hole patterns for mounting to walls and supports. Solid channel has no holes predrilled, and must either be drilled on site or mounted in another fashion. Punched channel has round holes, large enough for 5/8 inch threaded steel rod or bolts, punched in the top of the channel at regular 1 7/8 inch centers. Half-slot channel has short, rounded end rectangular slots punched out on 2 inch centers. Slot channel has longer slots on 4 inch centers.

In addition, shapes are manufactured with two lengths of channel welded together back to back, or three or four welded together in various patterns, to form stronger structural elements.Strut is normally manufactured out of sheet steel, with a zinc coating (galvinized), paint, epoxy, powder coat, or other finishes.

Somewhat more rarely, strut channels is manufactured from stainless steel or aluminum alloy, in cases where the strut rusting might become a problem (outdoors, chemical facilities with corrosive materials) or where weight is an issue (aluminum particularly).The inwards-facing lips on the open side of strut channel are routinely used to mount special nuts, braces, connecting angles, and other types of interconnection mechanism or device to join lengths of strut channel together or connect pipes, wire, other structures, threaded rod, bolts, or walls into the strut channel structural system.

The inwards-facing lips on the open side of strut channel are routinely used to mount special nuts, braces, connecting angles, and other types of interconnection mechanism or device to join lengths of strut channel together or connect pipes, wire, other structures, threaded rod, bolts, or walls into the strut channel structural system.

 

 

from:wiki

Reference is made at this time to FIG. 4 which shows in a fragmentary view a top portion of the sheet steel piling SP with the duct 16 provided with a mouth portion 62 which may be formed while the sheet is still hot and thereafter reamed so that the inner surface area thereof will be properly sealed with the hard rubber nose portion of the injector 138 when it is driven thereinto by water pressure all of which will become apparent as this description progresses.The view in FIG. 5 is a further embodiment of the invention which shows a flatened duct 16' and an inserted flared mouth section 64 that is welded into position after the sheet pile rolling is finished.

Turning now to the structure of FIG. 6 there is shown partially in an elevational side view and partially in cross-section a new type of universal sheet pile clamp 80 that is shown in position over the top of a length of sheet steel piling SP preparatory for the driving operation.

This view clearly discloses a pair of jaw-like members (see view of FIG. 7 which is a section on line 7--7 of FIG. 6) that are arranged to grasp the sheet piling during the driving operation with one of the jaw-like members being hydraulically actuated and having a longer leg portion, the purpose of which will be understood as this description progresses, while the other is arranged in such a manner that it can compensate for lateral adjustment of the jaws relative to the piling duct.

Vibratory hammers adapted for use in pile driving are well-known to those skilled in the sheet steel pile driving art and the present invention forms an adjunct for use therewith. Vibratory hammers of the type referred to include an exciter which develops a sinusoidal standing wave, with no side motion, having an approximate amplitude of 1/8 to 3/4 and a force of 70 to 100 tons. Thus, it will be apparent that such a vibratory structure would require a very strong grip on the top of the pile and with the invention of the type of sheet piling disclosed herein a new type of clamp for positioning between the vibratory hammer and the sheet piling became necessary. Only the lower supporting surface of the vibratory hammer is revealed at 82 and to this the pile clamp 80 is suitably attached by bolts.

With further reference to FIG. 6, it will be noted that the pile clamp 80 includes a body portion 84 that is provided with opposed pistons that are arranged to straddle the duct 16 of the steel sheet piling and include complementally formed concave recesses 86-86, respectively, (FIG. 7) for this purpose with one of the pistons, namely 90, being hydraulically advanced by power supplied from the exciter 82 through the conduit 88 to the chamber 92.

 

 

 

 

 

The piston 90 includes in the center thereof a guide member 94 which is provided with a threaded stem 96 that extends through tensioning washers 98 and a seal 100 and terminates exteriorly of the chamber 92 in a lock nut 102. As noted earlier herein there are a pair of jaw-like members which serve to attach the vibratory hammer to the piling during the driving operation one of which, 90, is hydraulically actuated while its complemental counterpart, 93, is arranged for lateral adjustment to compensate for possible inaccuracies resulting from production of the sheet piling. In this view there is disclosed a curved area 170 which is formed by a known type of milling cutter (not shown) and thereafter each side of the duct is subjected to a further milling operation to pierce the wall of the duct as shown at 172 to permit jet-like emission of the liquid out over the oppositely extending parallel walls of the piling.

The successive milling operations can be conducted when the sheet piling is in a hot or cold state. Should the sheet be in a hot condition when the first milling cut is made the piercing operation may be performed by a suitable flat tool which is merely positioned in the root of the slot 170 and then driven into the duct to pierce the wall.

It will be apparent to those who are skilled in this art that all of the milling and piercing operations described above can be readily performed automatically on a flat bed table as the sheet is being emitted from either the rolling mill or the extruding mill. For example, opposed milling devices could be mounted on carriers positioned above and/or below the table and extending parallel to each side thereof and arranged to reciprocate toward and away from the duct of the sheet as it advances over a table so that the first milling cut can be made. Naturally, there are distinctly different ways this could be accomplished, i.e., the travel of the sheet could momentarily be interrupted while the milling cutters advance into contact with the sheet, make the cut and then retract, or the sheet could travel continuously on the flat bed while the milling cutters move into contact with the duct, advance longitudinally therewith while making the first milling cut and then return to their initial point of departure so as to once again be reciprocated into contact with the duct to make another milling cut.

It is also contemplated that in lieu of perforating the ducts in the manner described herein as the sheet pile is emitted longitudinally from the machine, it can be moved transversely of the table to another work area where the piercing of the ducts can be conducted sequentially on one side of the piling and then the piling could be turned over and the ducts on that side could then be pierced.

FIG. 12 shows the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 11 in enlarged side elevation with the edge of the sheet piling shown in cross-section. This view clearly shows the first milling cut 170 and the result of the subsequent hot or cold piercing step 172. Also in this side elevational view it is shown at the bottom of the sheet that the duct 16 is flattened to provide a tapered end 174 on the pile which is more suitable for the driving operation.

It is contemplated that the slotting of the sheet piling as described may be accomplished either by the mill that rolls or extrudes the sheet piling or by the rental companies that will place the sheet piling to use.

 

source:freepatentsonline